Johannes georg bednorz biography of christopher
Call for Peace
150 Nobel Laureates from various disciplines are calling for peace in the face of the war in Ukraine emanating from Russian soil. They have signed a declaration initiated by the Max Planck Society and supported by the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings.
The Declaration follows on from the 1955 Mainau Declaration against the use of nuclear weapons (pdf). It was co-initiated by Otto Hahn, 16-time participant of the Lindau Conferences and first President of the Max Planck Society, at the 5th Lindau Nobel Laureate Conference. The current declaration states: "The discovery of nuclear fission created the basis for the construction of nuclear weapons of destruction. Their current volume has the potential to make the Earth uninhabitable for humans and to wipe out human civilisation. Such weapons must therefore never be used."
The 150 signatories call on governments and business leaders to use scientific knowledge and technologies responsibly and with awareness of their long-term consequences. Russian President Vladimir Putin is urged to respect international legal agreements, recall his forces, start negotiations and establish peace.
The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings and the Max Planck Society are convinced that science must continue the dialogue even if politics remains silent, or fights. With this comes the hope that this initiative, along with countless others, will soon lead to a return to peaceful exchange between nations.
Munich – 28 February 2022 (updated on 21 March 2022)
Declaration 2022
Call for Peace from the International Scientific Community by Nobel Laureates
In the view of war emanating from Russian soil and the explicit threat of nuclear weapons, we, Nobel laureates in science, economics, literature, and peace have decided to make this appeal to government leaders.
While we, as scientists, have no political mandate, we are aware of the power that the knowledge we have gained conveys to governments and polit
Bednorz Muller Lecture Super Conductivity
Bednorz Muller Lecture Super Conductivity
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THE NEW APPROACH TO HIGH-Tc
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Nobel lecture, December 8, 1987
by
J. GEORG BEDNORZ and K. ALEX MÜLLER
IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, 8803 Rüschlikon,
Switzerland
PART 1: THE EARLY WORK IN RÜSCHLIKON
In our Lecture, we take the opportunity to describe the guiding ideas and our
effort in the search for high-T, superconductivity. They directed the way from
the cubic niobium-containing alloys to layered copper-containing oxides of
perovskite-type structure. We shall also throw some light onto the circum-
stances and the environment which made this breakthrough possible. In the
second part, properties of the new superconductors are described.
The Background The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) for outstanding contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, a Nobelist or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation. Different organisations are responsible for awarding the individual prizes; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics; the Swedish Academy awards the Prize in Literature; the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, equivalent to 10.8 million SEK in 2023. In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9 million SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize. The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II. .
At IBM’s Zurich Research Laboratory, there had been a tradition of more than
two decades of research efforts in insulating oxides. The key materials under
investigation were perovskites like SrTiO3 and LaAlO3, used as model crystals
to study structural and ferroelectric phase transitions. The pioneering ESR
experiments by Alex Müller (KAM) [1.1] and W. Berlinger on transition-
metal impurities in the perovskite host lattice brought substantial insight into
the local symmetry of these crystals, i.e., the rotations of the TiO6 octahedra,
the characteristic building units of the l List of Nobel laureates
Prize
Laure