Martin cooper biography childhood immunization

American immunologist

Max Dale CooperForMemRS (born August 31, 1933), is an American immunologist and a professor at the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Emory Vaccine Center of Emory UniversitySchool of Medicine. He is known for characterizing T cells and B cells.

Early life and education

Cooper was born and raised in rural Mississippi. His father was the Superintendent of Education of a 12-grade school in Bentonia and his mother a teacher. He lived with his family on the campus. He was interested in becoming a physician at a young age, and his father, who wanted to study medicine but could not due to financial reasons, encouraged him to do so. Cooper went to Holmes Junior College (now Holmes Community College) on an American football scholarship from 1951 to 1952, then entered the University of Mississippi for pre-medical studies.

In 1954, Cooper started studying medicine at the University of Mississippi School of Medicine. Since the school at that time was a two-year medical school and was becoming a four-year one, Cooper was offered the option of staying or transferring elsewhere. He chose to move to the Tulane UniversitySchool of Medicine, and obtained his MD in 1957.

Career

After graduating from medical school, Cooper interned at a hospital in Saginaw, Michigan for a year, and then returned to Tulane UniversitySchool of Medicine for a residency. In 1960, Cooper went to Hospital for Sick Children, London as pre-registration house officer and then research assistant until 1961. From 1961 to 1962, he was a pediatricallergy and immunology fellow at the University of California, San Francisco.

Cooper briefly returned to Tulane as an instructor, then moved to the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota in 1963 to

Abstract

This study explores the association between childhood immunization and gender inequality at the national level. Data for the study include annual country-level estimates of immunization among children aged 12–23 months, indicators of gender inequality, and associated factors for up to 165 countries from 2010–2019. The study examined the association between gender inequality, as measured by the gender development index and the gender inequality index, and two key outcomes: prevalence of children who received no doses of the DTP vaccine (zero-dose children) and children who received the third dose of the DTP vaccine (DTP3 coverage). Unadjusted and adjusted fractional logit regression models were used to identify the association between immunization and gender inequality. Gender inequality, as measured by the Gender Development Index, was positively and significantly associated with the proportion of zero-dose children (high inequality AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.13–2.30). Consistently, full DTP3 immunization was negatively and significantly associated with gender inequality (high inequality AOR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46–0.86). These associations were robust to the use of an alternative gender inequality measure (the Gender Inequality Index) and were consistent across a range of model specifications controlling for demographic, economic, education, and health-related factors. Gender inequality at the national level is predictive of childhood immunization coverage, highlighting that addressing gender barriers is imperative to achieve universal coverage in immunization and to ensure that no child is left behind in routine vaccination.

Keywords: immunization, vaccination, zero-dose children, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, determinants of immunization, health status disparities, gender equity

1. Introduction

Gender equality is not only an important standalone goal, but also a key contributor to and indicator of health of populations more broadly [1]. Gender i