Kal raustiala wikipedia

International treaties of war

Not to be confused with Geneva Conference, Geneva Protocol (disambiguation), Geneva Accords (), or Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.

The Geneva Conventions are international humanitarian laws consisting of four treaties and three additional protocols that establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war. The singular term Geneva Convention colloquially denotes the agreements of , negotiated in the aftermath of the Second World War (–), which updated the terms of the two treaties and added two new conventions. The Geneva Conventions extensively define the basic rights of wartime prisoners, civilians and military personnel; establish protections for the wounded and sick; and provide protections for the civilians in and around a war-zone.

The Geneva Conventions define the rights and protections afforded to those non-combatants who fulfill the criteria of being protected persons. The treaties of were ratified, in their entirety or with reservations, by countries. The Geneva Conventions concern only protected non-combatants in war. The use of wartime conventional weapons is addressed by the Hague Conventions of and and the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, while the biological and chemical warfare in international armed conflicts is addressed by the Geneva Protocol.

History

The Swiss businessman Henry Dunant went to visit wounded soldiers after the Battle of Solferino in He was shocked by the lack of facilities, personnel, and medical aid available to help these soldiers. As a result, he published his book, A Memory of Solferino, in , on the horrors of war. His wartime experiences inspired Dunant to propose:

• A permanent relief agency for humanitarian aid in times of war
• A government treaty recognizing the neutrality of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in a war zone

The former prop

Store that resold Trader Joe's products in Canada

Pirate Joe's was a specialty grocery store in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, owned by Michael Hallatt. Its inventory consisted entirely of store brand products resold from locations of the U.S.-based grocery chain Trader Joe's, which does not operate any locations in Canada. Despite the high costs of operating the store because of its business model, the store became popular with residents who enjoyed the opportunity to purchase some of the distinct private label products offered by Trader Joe's.

Although considered a legal grey market business, Hallatt's operation drew the ire of the Trader Joe's company. The shop eventually became the subject of a lawsuit filed by Trader Joe's in May , which claimed that the Pirate Joe's shop was infringing on its trademarks and damaging its reputation. Hallatt chose to fight for his business model in court while continuing to operate the store. In , a judge dismissed the suit, ruling that Hallatt could not be convicted under US trademark law because the alleged infringements did not occur within the country. Trader Joe's was not able to prove the business was causing them any harm, and it was determined that they were in fact benefiting since all products were purchased from their stores at full retail price. However, the suit was reopened on appeal, and Hallatt finally decided to close the store in due to mounting legal costs.

History

While living in the San Francisco Bay Area as an employee of , Michael Hallatt had become fond of the unique store brand products carried by the California-based grocery store chain Trader Joe's, which did not operate any locations in Canada. After returning to his hometown of Vancouver, Hallatt decided to open a store which would resell Trader Joe's' products. First established in January under the name "Transilvania Trading", the shop moved to a new location in Vancouver's Ki

Raustiala: States, NGOs, and international enviromental institutions

Raustiala. States, NGOs, and international enviromental institutions. International Studies Quarterly 41 (December):

NGOs have increasingly taken on roles previously limited only to states. Raustiala seeks to explain why NGOs are allowed to participate and/or carry out state functions. He identifies two key variables: state incentives and NGO capabilities. In his words, "States have incorporated NGOs because their participation enhances the ability, both in technocratic and political terms, of states to regulate through the treaty process. The terms of that incorporation reflect the resources, skills, and domestic influence of NGOs."

Carbonated soft drink containing quinine

Tonic water is a carbonated soft drink in which quinine is dissolved. Originally used as a prophylactic against malaria, modern tonic water typically has a significantly lower quinine content and is often more sweetened than the original medicinal form. It is consumed for its distinctive bitter flavor.

History

As early as the 17th century the Spanish used quinine from the bark of Cinchona trees to treat malaria after being shown the remedy from the Indigenous peoples of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.

In early 19th century India and other tropical posts of the British Empire, medicinal quinine was recommended to British officials and soldiers to prevent malaria, where it was mixed with soda and sugar to mask its bitter taste, creating tonic water.

The first commercial tonic water was produced in when it was patented by the owner of Pitt & Co., Erasmus Bond. The mixed drink gin and tonic also originated in British colonial India, when the British mixed their medicinal quinine tonic with gin and other ingredients to make the bitter medicine more palatable. Soldiers in India were already given a gin ration, so the sweet concoction was easy to make. In , the first known record of a gin and tonic was in the Oriental Sporting Magazine and was described as a refreshing cocktail for spectators of horse racing, not as a medicine.

Quinine content

Medicinal tonic water originally contained only carbonated water and a large amount of quinine. Most modern tonic waters contain comparatively less quinine, and are often enhanced by citrus flavors. As a result of the lower quinine content, tonic water is less bitter. It is also usually sweetened, often with the addition of high-fructose corn syrup or sugar. Some manufacturers also produce diet (or "slimline") tonic water, which may contain artificial sweeteners, su