Latorre biography of albert einstein

The St Andrews Economist

By Jack Englehardt

Picture: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre announces his candidacy for the 1931 Peruvian Presidential Election in Lima (photographer: unknown)

The geist of early nineteenth century Latin America was one of a world in motion, marked by mounting political unrest and profound social dislocation. This was a time of ideological innovation, when radical solutions rose to meet age-old anxieties over poverty, inequity, and oppression. No better case exists to illustrate this transnational junction in history than the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) – the first truly continent-wide movement to cast off the shackles of Latin America’s colonial past. The apristas, guided for nearly sixty years by the messianic personality of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, were visionary not just in their radical politics, but in their cultivation of a distinctly American identity through broad networks of exile and agitation. In recounting the personal exodus of Haya de la Torre, this essay will situate APRA within the Pan-American heritage of Simón Bolívar and José Marti, and draw long-denied attention to its role in forming a truly popular ‘continental consciousness’.

From a young age, Haya de la Torre was sharply aware of the shortcomings of capitalism in his native Peru. Raised in the coastal town of Trujillo, he had witnessed the dramatic expansion of foreign-owned sugarcane enterprises in the early years of the twentieth century, and the ensuing displacement of local farmers and businessmen. In his college years, Haya de la Torre encountered the philosophy of José Carlos Mariátegui, whose indigenismo became one of APRA’s ideological trademarks. In his 7 Ensayos, Mariátegui had written that the Andean society of the Inca, with its communal ayllu system of agriculture, was inherently socialist, and thus a viable historical model to the Eurocentric models promoted by Marxist orthodoxy. It was, therefore, with a c

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  • Peru - Victor Raul

    • Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre

    In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Haya and the second or maternal family name is De la Torre.

    Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre

    OSP

    In office
    July 28, 1978 – July 13, 1979
    Vice PresidentLuis Alberto Sánchez
    Ernesto Alayza Grundy
    In office
    July 28, 1978 – July 13, 1979
    ConstituencyNational
    In office
    September 20, 1930 – August 2, 1979
    Succeeded byArmando Villanueva
    In office
    May 7, 1924 – August 2, 1979
    Born(1895-02-22)February 22, 1895
    Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru
    DiedAugust 2, 1979(1979-08-02) (aged 84)
    Lima, Peru
    Cause of deathLung cancer
    Political partyAmerican Popular Revolutionary Alliance (Worldwide)
    Peruvian Aprista Party (National)
    Alma materNational University of Trujillo
    National University of San Marcos
    University of Oxford
    London School of Economics
    OccupationPolitician, philosopher, author
    Signature

    Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (February 22, 1895 – August 2, 1979) was a Peruvian politician, philosopher, and author who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement, the oldest currently existing political party in Peru by the name of the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP).

    Born to an aristocratic family in Trujillo, a city on the north Peruvian coast, he enrolled in the National University of Trujillo and then the School of Law of the National University of San Marcos. He soon stood out as a student leader supporting the working class. He participated in protests against the regime of Augusto B. Leguía, standing out as a vigorous and eloquent speaker, with great power of persuasion due to the depth of his ideas. Banished by Leguía in 1922, he emigrated to Mexico, where in 1924 he founded the APRA, a political movement with continental projection and a social democratic orientation, in